Naturaleza y Tecnología

CONTENTS:
1. Introduction
2. Terpenoids isolated from Euphobia and Thymelaeace families.
3. Biological activities
4. Synthesis of diterpenes derived natural products
(a) Tigliane,
(b) Phorbol,
(c) Jatrophane,
(d) Ingenol.
5. Conclusions
6. References

http://www.naturalezaytecnologia.ugto.mx/index.php/nyt/editor/downloadFile/198/403/1

 1. Introduction:        Natural products have played an important role throughout the world in the treatment and prevention of human diseases. Natural products serve as a vast source of compounds with a broad range of chemical and functional diversity, as well as providing a rich source of new drugs and therapeutic agents.1-3 Diterpenes occurring in plants of the genus Euphorbia are the focus of natural product drug discovery because of the wide range of their therapeutically relevant biological activities. Their great structural diversity, resulting from various macrocyclic and polycyclic skeletons including different aliphatic and aromatic acids.4 Diterpenes are considered to be important taxonomic markers because of their limited occurrence.  These types of diterpenes are specific to the Thymelaeaceae and Euphorbiaceae families. Over 650 diterpenoids, incorporating more than 20 skeletal types, have been isolated from Euphorbia plant.5

Terpenoids isolated from Euphobia and Thymelaeace families.
Diterpenes isolated from species belonging to the Euphorbiaceae and Thymelaeaceae families the tigliane diterpenoids are based on a 5/7/6/3- tetracyclic ring system consisting of a five-membered ring A, a seven-membered ring B, a six-membered ring C, and a cyclopropane system D. The skeleton contains 20 carbons, consisting of five methyl, five methylene, and nine methane groups, as well as one quaternary carbon. Almost all of the reported tigliane diterpenoids exist in the form of aglycons, and only three tigliane glycosides have been isolated, to date, from plant species belonging to the Euphorbiaceae and Thymelaeaceae families.6 2.1. Phorbol Esters Plant species belonging to the Euphorbiaceae and Thymelaeaceae families are known to produce “cryptic” phorbol esters. Phorbol, the parent diterpene of
phorbol esters, contains five hydroxyl groups that possess different levels of reactivity towards a acylation. Most phorbol esters exist as the diesters, although a few phorbol esters also exist in the form of triesters.7 2.2. Esters of 12-Deoxyphorbol: 
A new parent alcohol, 12-deoxyphorbol, was obtained from a variety of different plants including Excoecaria bicolor, Euphorbia triangularis and Euphorbia resinifera. 12-Deoxyphorbol can be readily esterified at the C-13 and C-20 positions, and 12-deoxyphorbol esters exist predominantly in one of two groups. The first group consists of diesters with an acetate moiety at C-20 and a long-chain fatty acid at C-13, whereas the second group consists of 13-monoesters with a free hydroxy group at C-20. Although these compounds are more widely distributed than phorbol esters, they are less stable.8-10 
                    Scheme 1. Terpenoids isolated from Euphobia and Thymelaeace families. 

2.3. Esters of 4,12-Dideoxyphorbol and 4,12-Dideoxy(4α) phorbol 
4,12-Dideoxyphorbols are oxygenated at C13 and C-20, and have either 4β-H or 4α-H. 4,12-Dideoxy(4α)phorbol and three of its esters have been isolated previously only from Excoecaria bicolor and Euphorbia guyoniana (Euphorbiaceae). To date, there have been no reports in the literature focused on investigating the pharmacological potential of 4,12dideoxyphorbol esters.11 2.4. Esters of 12,20-Dideoxyphorbol To date, only two 12,20-dideoxyphorbols have been isolated from plants belonging to the Euphorbiaceae family.12 2.5. Esters of 20-Deoxyphorbol Although very few 20-deoxyphorbols have been discovered to date, two 20deoxyphorbols bearing a 5α-hydroxy moiety have been isolated from Synadenium grantii.13 2.6. Jatrophanes.
                     Jatrophane diterpenes occur exclusively in the Euphorbiaceae family, in general in the form of Polyesters. Natural jatrophane diterpenes are mainly polyacylated derivatives, the number of ester moieties
ranging between three and eight. The most heterogeneously esterified molecules are euphopeplin. El-Bassuony isolated two new jatrophane-type diterpenes, guyonianins C and D, from the aerial parts of E. guyoniana.13 Later, Hegazy et al. also investigated the chemical constituents of this species and isolated two new jatrophane diterpenes and one known jatrophane diterpene from the aerial parts of the plant. E. guyoniana is used traditionally in Algeria for curing the venomous bites of scorpions and for removing warts.14 
2.7. Ingenanes.                                                    
Ingenane diterpenoids have a 5/7/7/3- tetracyclic ring system including a ketone bridge between C-8 and C-10. A double bond can be found in ring A between C-1 and C-2 and another between C-6 and C-7 in ring B. Moreover, a β-hydroxy group is linked to C-4, and rings A and B are transfused. In 2008, Lu et al. isolated new ingenane diterpenoids from the ethanol extract of E. esula.15

3. Biological activities: 
Compounds isolated from different Euphorbia and Thymelaeaceae species exert many different activities, including antiinflammatory, MDR reversing, anticancer activities. 
3.1. Anticancer Activity Generally, diterpenes exhibit tumorpromoting activity, research published in the last 20 years has also shown that some derivatives show significant anticancer activity. For example, the 12-deoxyphorbol derivatives showed antileukemic activity with ED50 values in the range of 0.4−3.4 μg/mL in a P-388 lymphocytic leukemia system in vitro. Jatrophane diterpenes possess tumor cell growth inhibitory activities on MCF7 (breast epithelial adenocarcinoma) cells.16 
3.2 Anti-inflammatory Activity Pepluanone, a diterpene component of Euphorbia peplus, possesses a high antiinflammatory effect in vivo.  They investigated the anti-inflammatory activity of six compounds with pepluane and paraliane skeletons. The results showed that all compounds have NO2− production inhibitory activity in LPS-stimulated J774 macrophages by iNOS.17 
3.3 Anti-viral Activity Diesters of phorbol showed a potent antiHIV activity in MT4 cells with EC90 values in the range of 0.00050− 1.52 μM, and relatively low levels of cytotoxicity, with IC50 values in the range of 3.5−17.2 μM.18  
3.4 Multi Drug Resistance Reversing Activity The most common tumors are resistant to available drugs because of inhibition of Pglycoprotein which represents a promising approach for overcoming the multiple drug resistance. Diterpenens investigated for MDR reversing activity, Compounds withvarious skeletal types e.g., jatrophanes, lathyranes, and “euphoractine-type” showed a significant MDR-reversal effects.19 
4. Synthesis of Diterpens: Diterpenes from Euphorbia and Thymelaeaceae familes which exhibit a variety of interesting biological activities. The complex structure and striking biological properties of   diterpenoids have prompted chemists to devise a series of synthetic strategies and methodologies for the constructing of their complexes structural frameworks.   
 

Intramolecular Diels−Alder Approach to synthesis Tigliane skeleton: Wender et al.20 published the first total synthesis of the tigliane skeleton in 1987, using an intramolecular Diels−Alder cycloaddition and an intramolecular aldol condensation as key steps in their synthesis (Scheme 1). The resulting phorboid was the
first compound to be prepared synthetically possessing the complete tigliane skeleton and stereochemistry. However, it was devoid of oxygenation at C-12 and C-13 and did not possess the A-ring functionalities required for conformational rigidity or the attachment of lipophilic groups.  
Scheme 2. Synthesis of Tigliane skeleton and its stereochemistry 
  

Total synthesis of synthesis (+)-Phorbol: Oxyallyl [4+3] Cycloaddition Approach  
In 2001, Cha et al 21 reported the formal synthesis of (+)-phorbol using Wender’s advanced intermediate. As shown in Scheme 2, their synthetic plan was built upon a [4+3] oxyallyl cycloaddition and subsequent intramolecular Heck reaction for the stereocontrolled construction of the BC-ring
system of phorbol, followed by an adaptation of Wender’s efficient method for the construction of the A ring. This synthesis of the phorbol intermediate required more steps and was less efficient than the method developed by Wender, although this work effectively demonstrated the applicability of this strategy to the construction of tiglianes and daphnanes.     

Total synthesis of Ingenol: Ingenol has also been of great interest not only because of its unusual structure containing an “inside−outside” bridged BC ring, but also because of a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities. The synthesis of the highly strained ingenane framework required special approaches and strategically distinct methods.23 The first total synthesis
of ingenol was performed by Winkler with the use of an intramolecular de Mayo reaction. Other successful synthetic approaches (Winkler, Wood, and Tanino/Kuwajima) and promising partial syntheses have since been reported and reviewed.   

Total synthesis of Ingenol by Phil Baran et al :24 Finally the shorthest synthesis of ingenol by Professor Phil S. Baran is following described. 

              
5. CONCLUSIONS Diterpenes from Euphorbiaceae and Thymelaeaceae families are considered to be important taxonomic markers because of their limited occurrence and structural diversity. In the past few years, more than 200 novel diterpenes have been isolated from different Euphorbia and Thymelaeaceae species.25 Recent pharmacological experiments encompassed
the assessment of anti-proliferative, antcancer, MDR inhibitory, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. Researchers are working towards the elucidation and biological activity of different diterpenoids, and it is envisaged that some of these diterpenoid derivatives will be developed into useful materials with a variety of different applications in the future

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